How much money do I need to start investing? +
Less than you think. Most brokerage accounts have no minimum, and you can buy fractional shares of index funds for $1. Before you do anything else, check whether you're carrying high-interest debt. Paying off a 20% APR card is a guaranteed 20% return - no index fund can reliably beat that. Once the expensive debt is gone, $50/month in a broad index fund, left alone for 25 years, turns into real money. The amount matters a lot less than actually starting.
What's the difference between investing and saving? +
Saving is parking money somewhere safe - a savings account or money market fund - where you earn a predictable but modest return. Investing means taking on some risk in exchange for potentially higher returns. The reason the distinction matters: inflation runs 2-3% per year. Money sitting in a 0.01% checking account is quietly losing purchasing power. Investing over long time horizons is how most people stay ahead of that.
Is the stock market too risky right now? +
The market always feels risky right now. That's a permanent feature, not a signal. The historical data is pretty clear: the biggest risk for long-term investors isn't volatility - it's sitting out waiting for a "better time" that never arrives cleanly. If your horizon is 10+ years, short-term swings are mostly noise. The strategies that actually build wealth - index funds, DCA, tax-advantaged accounts - don't require you to time anything.
Should I pay off debt or invest? +
Depends on the rate. High-interest debt above ~7-8% should almost always go first - you're unlikely to earn more in the market than you're handing over in interest. Low-rate debt like mortgages or subsidized student loans under 4-5% can usually run alongside investing. One rule applies regardless: always capture the full 401(k) employer match before making any extra debt payments. That match is an instant 50-100% return. Nothing beats it.
What is the 4% rule? +
The 4% rule says you can withdraw 4% of your portfolio in year one of retirement, adjust for inflation each year after, and your money should last 30+ years. It comes from the Trinity Study, which tested portfolio survival rates across historical market cycles. It's a starting point, not a guarantee. Retiring into a down market, living longer than expected, or spending more on healthcare can all stress the number. Many people target 3.5% or lower to add a cushion.
How do I know if I'm saving enough for retirement? +
Fidelity's benchmarks: 1x your salary saved by 30, 3x by 40, 6x by 50, 10x by 67. That assumes you want to roughly maintain your current lifestyle in retirement. Behind? The levers are savings rate, retirement age, and planned spending - usually in that order of impact. A few years of maxing out contributions in your 40s can close a surprisingly large gap, because compounding is still working in your favor.